Láser CO2 vaginal, indicaciones y aplicaciones / Vaginal CO2 laser, indications and applications

El síndrome genitourinario es una entidad hoy en día cada vez más frecuente en la mujer posmenopáusica, con signos y síntomas muy característicos que llevan a la pérdida de calidad de vida de las pacientes, generados por la disminución de estrógenos. Su diagnóstico se realiza mediante una buena historia clínica, exámenes hormonales, estudios urodinámicos y de pH vaginal. Su clínica varía desde sequedad vaginal, atrofia de la misma, vaginitis a repetición, pérdida de orina al esfuerzo, nicturia y dispareunia. A los largo de los años se han protocolizado diferentes tratamientos como reemplazos hormonales, lubricantes y cirugías invasivas vaginales. Pero en los últimos años ha aparecido una nueva terapéutica de láser CO2 fraccionado. Materiales y método. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de seis años de evolución, entre los años 2017 y 2023, con más de 300 pacientes tratadas con tecnología láser CO2 fraccionado, con criterios de inclusión y exclusión, protocolizando 3 sesiones cada 30 días y controles hasta los 6 meses. Resultados. Para evaluar los resultados se diseñó una encuentra de satisfacción de 5 puntos, la cual fue presentada luego de cada sesión, encontrando un alto grado de satisfacción en la mejoría clínica a medida que transcurrían las sesiones, con un muy bajo índice de complicaciones. También biopsias con mejorías histológicas que demuestran resultados. Discusión. La aplicación de esta nueva tecnología láser nos abre una posibilidad terapéutica segura, rápida y efectiva para mejorar la sintomatología y calidad de vida de nuestras pacientes con síndrome genitourinario, sumando una nueva terapéutica a todo el arsenal de tratamientos médico-quirúrgicos disponibles a la fecha. Conclusiones. El síndrome genitourinario es una entidad prácticamente inevitable, con síntomas desde leves a graves, que afecta la calidad de vida personal, sexual y social. Los tratamientos hasta la fecha hormonales, tópicos o quirúrgicos han dado mediocres resultados sin estar exentos de complicaciones, por lo que la aparición de la tecnología láser CO2 fraccionada nos ha dado el plus necesario para aportar un tratamiento seguro, eficaz, con mínimas complicaciones y una curva de aprendizaje pequeña

Genitourinary syndrome is an increasingly frequent entity in postmenopausal women today, with very characteristic signs and symptoms that lead to a loss of quality of life in patients, generated by estrogen depletion, whose diagnosis is made through a good clinical history, hormonal tests, urodynamic and vaginal pH studies. Its symptoms vary from vaginal dryness, vaginal atrophy, repeated vaginitis, loss of urine on exertion, nocturia and dyspareunia. Over the years, different treatments have been protocolized, such as hormone replacements, lubricants, and invasive vaginal surgeries. But in recent years a new fractionated CO2 laser therapy has appeared. Materials and method. A retrospective study of six years of evolution was carried out, between the years 2017 and 2023, with more than 300 patients treated with fractionated CO2 laser technology, with inclusion and exclusion criteria, protocolizing 3 sessions every 30 days and controls until the 6 months. Results. To evaluate the results, a 5-point satisfaction score was designed, which was presented after each session, finding a high degree of satisfaction in the clinical improvement as the sessions progressed with a very low indication of complications. Also biopsies with histological improvements that demonstrate results. Discussion. The application of this new laser technology opens up a safe, fast and effective therapeutic possibility to improve the symptoms and quality of life of our patients with genitourinary syndrome, adding a new therapeutic option to the arsenal of medical-surgical treatments available to date. Conclusions. Genitourinary syndrome is a practically inevitable entity, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe, affecting the quality of personal, sexual and social life. The hormonal, topical or surgical treatments to date have given mediocre results, not being free of complications, so the appearance of fractionated CO2 laser technology has given us the necessary extra to provide a safe, effective treatment, with minimal complications. and a small learning curve.

La nefroprevención prenatal, un reto en la prevención primaria / Prenatal Kidney Prevention: A Challenge in Primary Care

Por su avanzado desarrollo, la ecografia constituye la prueba de imagen de elección en el diagnóstico de las malformaciones durante la etapa prenatal y, en el caso de la correspondiente al tracto genitourinario, dicha técnica no solo permite el diagnóstico de estas, sino que también ofrece información relacionada con los indicadores de mal pronóstico de la función renal. De ahí que la importancia del diagnóstico prenatal por ultrasonografía de estos defectos radica en la posibilidad de realizar acciones preventivas y educativas encaminadas a disminuir la enfermedad renal terminal en la infancia.1,2) No obstante, dichas acciones se pueden ver entorpecidas debido al desarrollo embriológico del aparato genitourinario en diferentes estadios, a la interacción de factores genéticos, epigenéticos y ambientales durante este, así como a su variada expresión fenotípica.2) De lo antes expuesto se deriva la importancia de realizar acciones preventivas de carácter proactivo, es decir, llevar a cabo acciones que superen la actitud reactiva en los individuos ante los problemas, mediante un trabajo de búsqueda capaz de identificar aquellas situaciones desfavorables que puedan incidir de forma negativa en la calidad de vida y que definan una práctica profiláctica para la reducción de los factores de riesgo.3) Este tipo de acción se facilita, en el nivel primario de salud, a través del trabajo que se realiza con los posibles factores que modifican el riesgo preconcepcional genético. Entonces, en qué situación se sugiere actuar por parte del equipo de salud en la atención primaria, con la finalidad de iniciar la nefroprevención desde la etapa prenatal y así contribuir a amortiguar la aparición de dichas anomalías o defectos capaces de afectar de forma negativa la calidad de vida postnatal al no poderse explicar solamente mediante los factores genéticos. Para comenzar se sugiere cumplimentar a cabalidad las medidas tendientes a disminuir la prematuridad y el bajo peso al nacer mediante la captación precoz y el apropiado seguimiento del embarazo; disminuir la incidencia del embarazo en adolescentes, asegurar una nutrición adecuada de la gestante, así como evitar el uso de drogas teratogénicas (alcohol, warfarina, inhibidores de la enzima de conversión, alquilantes, ácido valproico, comitoína, cocaína, etcétera) que pueden ocasionar malformaciones renales. Deberá realizarse un control cuidadoso de la presión arterial, teniendo cuidado de no usar inhibidores de la encima convertidora de angiotensina en casos de hipertensión arterial. Además, fomentar el diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano y adecuado de la infección urinaria, lo cual constituye otra medida para evitar el parto prematuro.2,4 Todo ello basado en que el recién nacido no forma nuevas nefronas y que la nefrogénesis se extiende hasta las 36 semanas de gestación, por lo tanto, los prematuros nacen con menor número de nefronas, lo cual predispone un mayor riesgo de enfermedades renales futuras y de hipertensión arterial. Asimismo, es más susceptible a infecciones, hipoxia por síndrome de dificultad respiratoria, factores que predisponen a una insuficiencia renal aguda y a lesiones renales seculares. En otro sentido, debemos continuar con la administración de ácido fólico a las potenciales gestantes, lo cual contribuye a disminuir la incidencia de defectos de cierre del tubo neural y, en consecuencia, los casos de mielomeningocele, que es la causa más frecuente de vejiga neurógena. Igualmente, el suplemento de vitamina A, cuya deficiencia ha sido implicada en la génesis de las malformaciones renales.4 Otro acápite importante resulta el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las infecciones durante la gestación, ya que pueden ser potencialmente teratogénicas u ocasionar glomerulopatías (lúes, toxoplasmosis, citomegalovirosis, retrovirosis). La infección por estreptococo grupo B deberá ser adecuadamente pesquisada y tratada eliminando una causa frecuente de sepsis neonatal y la probabilidad de insuficiencia renal aguda secundaria. El diagnóstico prenatal de la uropatía mediante la ecografía bidimensional prenatal (fundamental la ecografía estructural del tercer trimestre) conducirá a una evaluación pronóstica de la función renal y a un tratamiento temprano en caso necesario, evitando así el daño renal secundario.2,4 A modo de conclusión, se puede afirmar que la nefroprevención prenatal en la atención primaria de salud, independiente del origen multifactorial de este tipo de defecto congénito y su asociación a síndromes genéticos, se hace posible y, de esta forma, se contribuye de manera satisfactoria a modificar tanto la incidencia al nacimiento como la prevalencia de estos(AU)

Intervenções psicológicas necessárias: a prática como residente no serviço de medicina fetal / Necessary psychological interventions: the practice as a resident in the fetal medicine service / Intervenciones psicológicas necesarias: la práctica como residente en el servicio de medicina fetal

Com os avanços tecnológicos e o aprimoramento da prática médica via ultrassonografia, já é possível detectar possíveis problemas no feto desde a gestação. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a prática do psicólogo no contexto de gestações que envolvem riscos fetais. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo sob formato de relato de experiência como psicólogo residente no Serviço de Medicina Fetal da Maternidade Escola da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Os registros, feitos por observação participante e diário de campo, foram analisados em dois eixos temáticos: 1) intervenções psicológicas no trabalho em equipe em consulta de pré-natal, exame de ultrassonografia e procedimento de amniocentese; e 2) intervenções psicológicas em casos de bebês incompatíveis com a vida. Os resultados indicaram que o psicólogo nesse serviço é essencial para atuar de forma multiprofissional na assistência pré-natal para gravidezes de alto risco fetal. Ademais, a preceptoria do residente é relevante para sua formação e treinamento para atuação profissional no campo da psicologia perinatal.(AU)

Face to the technological advances and the improvement of medical practice via ultrasound, it is already possible to detect possible problems in the fetus since pregnancy. The objective of this study was to analyze the psychologist's practice in the context of pregnancies which involve fetal risks. It is a qualitative study based on an experience report as a psychologist trainee at the Fetal Medicine Service of the Maternity School of UFRJ. The records, based on the participant observation and field diary, were analyzed in two thematic axes: 1) psychological interventions in the teamwork in the prenatal attendance, ultrasound examination and amniocentesis procedure; and 2) psychological interventions in cases of babies incompatible to the life. The results indicated that the psychologist in this service is essential to work in a multidisciplinary way at the prenatal care for high fetal risk pregnancies. Furthermore, the resident's preceptorship is relevant to their education and training for professional performance in the field of Perinatal Psychology.(AU)

Con los avances tecnológicos y la mejora de la práctica médica a través de la ecografía, ya se puede detectar posibles problemas en el feto desde el embarazo. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la práctica del psicólogo en el contexto de embarazos de riesgos fetal. Es un estudio cualitativo basado en un relato de experiencia como residente de psicología en el Servicio de Medicina Fetal de la Escuela de Maternidad de la Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Los registros, realizados en la observación participante y el diario de campo, se analizaron en dos ejes temáticos: 1) intervenciones psicológicas en el trabajo en equipo, en la consulta prenatal, ecografía y los procedimientos de amniocentesis; y 2) intervenciones psicológicas en casos de bebés incompatibles con la vida. Los resultados señalaron como fundamental la presencia del psicólogo en este servicio trabajando de forma multidisciplinar en la atención prenatal en el contexto de embarazos de alto riesgo fetal. Además, la tutela del residente es relevante para su educación y formación para el desempeño profesional en el campo de la Psicología Perinatal.(AU)

Impact of deep resection of endometriosis in the pelvis on urodynamic parameters

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of deep resection of endometriosis in the posterior pelvic region on urodynamic parameters. Methods: A prospective observational study conducted with female patients diagnosed with deep pelvic endometriosis before and after endometriosis resection surgery. Clinical history, image exams, the Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms questionnaire, urodynamic examination, cystometry, and voiding study were evaluated. Results: Patients aged 30-39 years old, operative duration of 132.5 minutes, and 2.7 days of hospital stay. Uroflowmetry and cystometry showed tendency for an increase after the surgery in the flow duration, time to maximum flow, and first voiding desire and decreased residual volume and maximum cystometric capacity. Opening, maximum urinary flow, and maximum flow pressure decreased at T1, and the closing parameters increased, although statistically non significant. The variables decreased at T1 in the urodynamic, except for detrusor overactivity. Although we observed a reasonable number of low bladder compliance and abnormal bladder sensation, the results were maintained at T1. General scores for filling and incontinence showed a significant decrease after surgery. Conclusions: A significant response in the patient's perception of urinary function was demonstrated after surgery. It is observed that the surgical procedure did not affect the uroflowmetric and cystometric characteristics of the evaluated patients.

Tratamiento del síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia con láser CO2 en pacientes de Clínica Estrella / Treatment for genitourinary syndrome of menopause with CO2 laser in Clinica Estrella patients

El síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia se refiere a los signos y síntomas relacionados a la disminución estrogénica dando como resultado una atrofia vaginal, esto ocasiona un gran impacto negativo en las actividades cotidianas de las mujeres, existen varios tratamientos para aliviar y resolver los síntomas, siendo los más frecuentes la incontinencia urinaria por esfuerzo y resequedad vaginal. Dentro de los distintos tratamientos, el láser tiene como objetivo la restauración de la mucosa vaginal, estimulando los fibroblastos para obtener la neo colagenogenesis y vascularización, recuperando su funcionalidad y obteniendo mejoría de los síntomas junto con la calidad de vida de las pacientes

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause refers to a group of signs and symptoms related to the decreased estrogen and as a result, the vaginal atrophy, this has a great negative impact on the daily activities of women, there are several treatments to alleviate and resolve the symptoms, the most frequent being stress urinary incontinence and vaginal dryness. Among the different treatments, the laser aims to restore the aavaginal mucosa, stimulating fibroblasts to obtain neo-collagen oogenesis and revascularization, recovering their functionality and obtaining an improvement in symptoms along with the quality of life of patients

Arteria renal doble en Cerdocyon thous / Double Renal Artery in Cerdocyon thous

RESUMEN Objetivo. El propósito de este estudio fue explorar la duplicidad de la arteria renal en un espécimen de Cerdocyon thous, centrándose en las posibilidades de la implicación clínico-quirúrgica de esta variación anatómica. Materiales y Métodos. Fueron disecados 32 especímenes de Cerdocyon thous, obtenidos de las colecciones del Laboratorio de Enseñanza e Investigación en Morfología de los Animales Domésticos y Salvajes del Departamento de Anatomía Animal y Humana, de la Universidad Federal Rural del Rio de Janeiro y del Laboratorio de Anatomía Animal de la Universidad Federal del Pampa. Resultados. Fue observada una variación numérica en la arteria renal izquierda en un cadáver hembra adulto. El riñón izquierdo tenía dos arterias renales, una craneal y otra caudal. La primera arteria renal del riñón izquierdo, midiendo 2,25 cm de longitud, se ha originado lateralmente desde la aorta abdominal a nivel de la tercera vértebra lumbar. Además, emanaba dos ramas prehiliares, una dorsal y otra ventral, con la rama ventral suministrando también a la glándula suprarrenal. La segunda arteria renal también se ha originado lateralmente desde la aorta abdominal a nivel de la tercera vértebra lumbar, midiendo 2,36 cm de longitud. También ha emitido dos ramas prehiliares, una craneal y otra caudal, las cuales emitieron la rama uretral. Conclusiones. Las variaciones numéricas de las arterias renales deben ser consideradas en la ejecución de procedimientos quirúrgicos, radiológicos y experimentales, con los fines de evitar errores ocasionados por la falta de conocimiento de la posibilidad de estas variaciones tanto en animales domésticos como salvajes.

ABSTRACT Objective. The aim of this study was explored the duplicity of renal artery in a specimen of Cerdocyon thous, focusing on the possibilities of clinical-surgical implication of this anatomical variation. Materials and methods. Were dissected 32 specimens of Cerdocyon thous, obtained from the collections of the Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Morfologia dos Animais Domésticos e Selvagens do Departamento de Anatomia Animal e Humana, da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro e Laboratório de Anatomia Animal da Universidade Federal do Pampa. Results. Were observed a numerical variation in the left renal artery in an adult female cadaver. The left kidney had two renal arteries, one cranial and another caudal. The first renal artery of the left kidney, measuring 2.25 cm in length, originated laterally from the abdominal aorta at the level of the third lumbar vertebra. Moreover, it emanated two pre-hilar branches, one dorsal and one ventral, with the ventral branch supplying also to the adrenal gland. The second renal artery also originated laterally from the abdominal aorta at the level of the third lumbar vertebra and measured 2.36 cm in length. It also emitted two pre-hilar branches, one cranial and another caudal, which emitted the ureteral branch. Conclusions. Numerical variations of the renal arteries should be considered in the execution of surgical, radiological and experimental procedures in order to avoid mistakes made due to lack of knowledge of the possibility these variations both in domestic and wild animals.

Occurrence of Mycoplasmaspp. and Ureaplasmaspp. in genital specimens

Mycoplasmaspp. and Ureaplasmaspp. belong tohumans'genitourinary microbiota and sometimesare associated with infections of the genitourinarytract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of Mycoplasmaspp. and Ureaplasmaspp. in genital specimens from patients of the 15thRegional de Saúde of ParanáState, Brazil, and to correlate the results with clinical and laboratory data.A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted,based on the analysis of results of vaginal, endocervical, urine andurethral culture for mycoplasmas from patients attended in areference laboratory, from January 2009 to December 2016. We evaluated 2,475 results of culture for mycoplasmas. A total of 50.8% patients were positive for mycoplasmas. Of these, 76.8%had positive culture exclusively for Ureaplasmaspp. and 4.7% for Mycoplasmahominis. Both microorganisms were isolated in the microbiology culture of 18.5% of patients. Among the positive culture, 81.4% had significant concentrations.Bacterialvaginosis was the most common alteration observed in association with mycoplasmas.Thehigh positivity of cultures for mycoplasmas, especially Ureaplasmaspp. found in our study, highlightthe presence of these microorganisms in many of the genital tract disorders that can be sexually transmitted and, consequently, should not be neglected.

Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) or conformational radiotherapy (3D-CRT) with conventional fractionation for prostate cancer: Is there any clinical difference?

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the treatment outcomes of a cohort of prostate cancer patients treated with conventional schedule using IMRT or 3DRT technique. Materials and Methods: Between 2010-2017, 485 men with localized prostate cancer were treated with conventional radiotherapy schedule with a total dose ≥74Gy using IMRT (231) or 3DCRT (254). Late gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicity were retrospectively evaluated according to modified RTOG criteria. The biochemical control was defined by the Phoenix criteria (nadir + 2ng/mL). The comparison between the groups included biochemical recurrence free survival (bRFS), overall survival (OS) and late toxicity. Results: With a median follow-up of 51 months (IMRT=49 and 3DRT=51 months), the maximal late GU for >=grade- 2 during the entire period of follow-up was 13.1% in the IMRT and 15.4% in the 3DRT (p=0.85). The maximal late GI ≥ grade- 2 in the IMRT was 10% and in the 3DRT 24% (p=0.0001). The 5-year bRFS for all risk groups with IMRT and 3D-CRT was 87.5% vs. 87.2% (p=0.415). Considering the risk-groups no significant difference for low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups between IMRT (low-95.3%, intermediate-86.2% and high-73%) and 3D-CRT (low-96.4%, intermediate-88.2% and high-76.6%, p=0.448) was observed. No significant differences for OS and DMFS were observed comparing treatment groups. Conclusion: IMRT reduces significantly the risk of late GI severe complication compared with 3D-CRT using conventional fractionation with a total dose ≥74Gy without any differences for bRFS and OS.

Susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en muestras urogenitales de ureaplasma urealyticum, el principal agente en infección intramaniótica / Antimicrobial susceptibility in urogenital samples of ureaplasma urealyticum, the main agent in intramaniotic infection

RESUMEN OBJETIVO: Ureaplasma urealyticum es el agente más frecuentemente aislado en infección intraamniótica. Los macrólidos son los antimicrobianos de primera elección en embarazadas. Se ha descrito el aumento de resistencia, pudiendo limitar las opciones terapéuticas durante la gestación. El propósito del estudio es evaluar susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de Ureaplasma urealyticum aislado en mujeres en edad fértil, que se atienden en Clínica Alemana Temuco, Araucanía, Chile. METODO: Se estudian todas las muestras de orina y flujo vaginal para cultivo de U. urealyticum, de pacientes entre 18 y 40 años, recibidas en el Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica Alemana Temuco, en período Abril 2013 a Enero 2015. Se procesan las muestras con kit Mycoplasma IST 2 de Biomerieux. En las que resultan positivas, se estudia susceptibilidad a macrólidos, tetraciclinas y quinolonas. RESULTADOS: 426 muestras de orina y flujo vaginal (390 pacientes). 197 pacientes resultaron positivas para U. urealyticum. (50,5%). La susceptibilidad fue 88,4% (174 pctes) a Eritromicina, 87,9% (173 pctes) a Claritromicina y 91,9% (181 pctes) a Azitromicina (NS). 15 de 197 pacientes (7,6%) fueron resistentes a los 3 macrólidos. La susceptibilidad a Quinolonas fue 55,3% a Ciprofloxacino, y 94% a Ofloxacino. El 100% resultó susceptible a Tetraciclinas. CONCLUSIONES: Cerca del 10% de U. urealyticum aislados en nuestra serie son resistentes a macrólidos, contribuyendo a la no erradicación de la infección en tratamientos empíricos. Dentro de ellos, azitromicina aparece con la mayor efectividad. El aumento de resistencia limitará opciones terapéuticas, con gran impacto perinatal en futuro. La vigilancia de susceptibilidad en cada hospital es fundamental para elección terapéutica.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Ureaplasma urealyticum is the most frequently isolated microorganism in intra-amniotic infection. The macrolides are the first choice antimicrobials for treat this infection in pregnancy. The increasing resistance has been described worldwide, seriously limiting therapeutic options in pregnancy. The aim of the study is to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility of U. urealyticum aislated in fertile-age women in Clínica Alemana Temuco, Araucania region, Chile. METHOD: Urine and vaginal samples were analyzed for U. urealyticum, from every 18 to 40 years old patients, received at Microbiology Laboratory of Clínica Alemana Temuco, between April 2013 to January 2015. The samples are processed with Mycoplasma IST 2 kit of Biomerieux. If they became positives, susceptibility to macrolides, tetracyclines and quinolones was studied. RESULTS: 426 urine and vaginal samples were collected (390 patients). 197 patients were positive for U. urealyticum (50.5%). The susceptibility was 88.4% (174 pts) to Erythromicyn, 87.9% (173 pts) to Clarithromycin and 91.9% (181 pts) to Azithromycin (NS). Resistance to all macrolides was observed in 15 out of 197 patients (7.6%). The susceptibility to Quinolones was 55.3% to Ciprofloxacin, and 94% to Ofloxacin. The 100% was susceptible to Tetracyclines. DISCUSSION: Near to 10% of isolated Ureaplasma spp in our serie were resistant to some macrolide, being a factor for failing to eradicate the infection in empirical treatment. Azithromycin was the most effective. The increasing resistance will limit therapeutic options, with great perinatal impact in the future. Susceptibility surveillance in each hospital is very important for therapeutic options.

Klebsiella Pneumoniae Visceral Organ Abscesses - Clinical Characteristics

INTRODUCTION@#In recent years, () has emerged as the predominant cause of pyogenic liver abscess in Asia. - as the causative microorganism in other visceral organ abscesses-is less described. In this study, we seeked to describe the clinical characteristics of visceral organ abscesses in our institution and evaluated the prescription practices of physicians with regard to antibiotic therapy.@*MATERIALS AND METHODS@#A retrospective analysis of patients with culture positive (blood or abscess aspirate) visceral organ abscesses from May 2014 to April 2016 requiring hospitalisation in Changi General Hospital was conducted.@*RESULTS@#A total of 140 adult patients with visceral organ abscesses were identified. The commonest site of involvement was the liver (77.9%), followed by genitourinary tract (20.7%). Diabetic patients were more likely to have liver abscesses, genitourinary abscesses, abscesses in 2 or more organs, genitourinary disease with abscess formation outside of the genitourinary tract, and endovascular infection. Patients with extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing , were more likely to have an obstructive lesion related to the site of the abscess. Overall mortality rate was 7.1%. Amongst survivors, the mean total duration of parenteral antimicrobial therapy was 2.5 weeks before switching to oral antimicrobial agents.@*CONCLUSION@#Genitourinary tract is the commonest extra-hepatic site for visceral organ abscess in infections. Parenteral to oral switch of antimicrobial agents appears to be a safe and effective treatment option.

Updated treatment guideline for hormone therapy in postmenopausal women

Since menopause hormone therapy was first introduced, it has been widely used worldwide as the most effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women and for genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Menopause hormone therapy has been shown to prevent bone loss and fracture, but it may additionally offer various benefits for numerous other symptoms. The benefit-to-risk ratio of menopause hormone therapy is most favorable for women aged younger than 60 years or who are within 10 years of menopause onset and have no contraindications. Longer durations of therapy should be limited to patients with documented indications, such as persistent vasomotor symptoms or bone loss. For genitourinary syndrome of menopause, low-dose vaginal estrogen therapy or other therapies are recommended. Tibolone is a synthetic steroid that provides a therapeutic effect in the treatment of menopausal symptoms.

Tuberculosis Testicular: Reporte de un Caso / Testicular Tuberculosis: Case Report

La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa emergente con alta morbimortalidad a nivel mundial tanto en su forma pulmonar como extrapulmonar. De hecho, las formas extrapulmonares a pesar de manifestarse en menor porcentaje, permiten la diseminación de la infección a numerosos órganos blanco incluyendo, el sistema genitourinario. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 50 años de edad, que consulta por presentar masa dolorosa en testículo derecho de aproximadamente 1 mes de evolución, con salida de material purulento fétido y persistente en hemiescroto, sin respuesta al tratamiento antimicrobiano ambulatorio, acompañado de disnea e hipoventilación en campo pulmonar izquierdo, y antecedente de pérdida de peso y tos con expectoración color verde a café desde hace 6 meses. Es sometido a orquiectomía radical más escrotatectomía observándose por los estudios patológicos y histoquímicos del tejido, una inflamación crónica granulomatosa con necrosis caseosa central y positiva a la coloración de Ziehl Nielssen. Por los hallazgos de la patología más los clínicos e imagenológicos a nivel pulmonar, se hace diagnóstico de tuberculosis pulmonar con diseminación a testículo y escroto. El paciente es sometido a tratamiento antifímico con mejoría.

Tuberculosis is an emerging infectious contagious disease with high morbidity and mortality worldwide both in its pulmonary and extrapulmonary forms. In fact, extrapulmonary forms, despite manifesting themselves in lesser percentage, allow the dissemination of infection to numerous target organs including, the genitourinary system. We present the case of a 50-year-old male patient, who consults for painful mass in the right testicle of approximately 1 month of evolution, with a leakage of fetid and persistent purulent material in hemiescrotum, without response to outpatient antimicrobial treatment, accompanied by dyspnea and hypoventilation in the left lung field, and a history of weight loss and cough with expectoration from green to brown for 6 months. He underwent radical orchiectomy plus scro- toctenomy. Chronic and granulomatous inflammation with central caseous necrosis and positive to the coloration of Ziehl Nielssen were observed by pathological and histochemical tissue studies. For the findings of the pathology plus the clinical and imaging findings at the pulmonary level, a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis with spread to the testicle and scrotum is made. The patient undergoes antifimic treatment with improvement.

Envejecimiento del sistema urogenital y disfunción sexual femenina / Aging of the urogenital system and female sexual dysfunction

Resumen El sistema genitourinario presenta una serie de cambios micro y macroanatómicos desde el nacimiento, pasando por la pubertad, período reproductivo y por último con la menopausia, en la cual, se desarrolla un conjunto de síntomas sistémicos que incluyen los vasomotores, del sueño, cognitivos, del estado de ánimo y cambios sexuales, asociados a la presencia de disminución de la lubricación, estrechamiento y distensibilidad vaginal, atrofia vaginal, entre otros, que llevan a presentar una clínica de dispareunia, prurito, resequedad, además de síntomas urinarios. Su examinación conlleva la realización de una historia clínica, examen físico y ginecológico. Para confirmar los cambios se puede hacer una medición de pH y una citología para determinar un índice de maduración vaginal. Cuando estos síntomas se asocian a angustia y molestia se puede estar ante un caso de disfunción sexual, del cual se conocen factores de riesgo para su presencia como la edad como tal, problemas de pareja, estado de salud, autoestima, entre otros. Es por esto que a razón del tratamiento es importante hacer un abordaje interdisciplinario.

Abstract The genitourinary system presents a series of micro and macroanatomical changes from birth, through puberty, reproductive period and finally with menopause, in which a set of systemic symptoms are developed, including vasomotor, sleep, cognitive, mood and sexual changes, associated with the presence of decreased lubrication, narrowing and vaginal distensibility, vaginal atrophy, among others, leading to clinical symptoms of dyspareunia, pruritus, dryness, and urinary symptoms. Its examination involves the realization of a clinical history, physical and gynecological examination. To confirm the changes, a pH measurement can be made and a cytology to determine a vaginal maturation index. When these symptoms are associated with anguish and discomfort, there may be a case of sexual dysfunction, of which there are known risk factors for their presence such as age as such, couple problems, health status, self-esteem, among others. That is why, as to treatment, it is important to make an interdisciplinary approach.

Papel actual de la biopsia prostática guiada por ultrasonido en el diagnóstico de cáncer de próstota / Real paper of ultrasound-guided prostatic biopsy in the diagnosis of prostate cancer

El cáncer de próstata representa un serio problema de salud pública. La biopsia prostática constituye la herramienta para determinar su existencia. Objetivo: evaluar la utilidad actual de la biopsia prostática ecoguiada por vía transrectal en el diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata. Métodos: Se revisaron las biopsias de próstata doble sextante realizadas ecoguiadas por vía transrectal en el Hospital Universitario de Caracas en un período de 6 años. Resultados: El número total de biopsias revisadas fue de 2105. El porcentaje de biopsias positivas para malignidad fue de 29,12 %; y la cantidad de lesiones premalignas fue de 9,21 %. El Puntaje de Gleason más frecuentemente diagnosticado fue Gleason 7 (4+3) con un 30,34 %. La correlación biopsia preoperatoria y pieza de prostatectomía fue de 48 %. Conclusiones: La biopsia de próstata ecoguiada doble sextante nos permite de una forma sencilla y eficaz el diagnóstico inicial de cáncer de próstata significativo(AU)

Prostate cancer represents a serious public health problem. Prostate biopsy is the tool to determine its existence. Objective: to evaluate the current utility of transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Methods: Sextant double-sided prostate biopsies performed transrectal ultrasound were examined at the Hospital Universitario of Caracas in a period of 6 years. Results: The total number of biopsies reviewed was 2105. The percentage of positive biopsies for malignancy was 29.12 %; and the number of premalignant lesions was 9.21 %. The most frequently diagnosed Gleason score was Gleason 7 (4 + 3) with 30.34 %. Preoperative biopsy and prostatectomy specimen correlation was 48 %. Conclusions: The double-sextant ecoguided prostate biopsy allows us, in a simple and effective way, the initial diagnosis of significant prostate cancer(AU)

Homens após cirurgia mutiladora no sistema geniturinário: contribuições a partir de Heidegger e Orem / Men after mutilating surgery in genitourinary system: contributions from Heidegger and Orem / Hombres después de la cirugía mutiladora en sistema génito-urinario: contribuiciones de Heidegger y Orem

Objetivo: desvelar sentidos do homem ao desenvolver autocuidado após cirurgia mutiladora no sistema geniturinário e articular reflexões com a Teoria de Orem. Método: pesquisa de natureza qualitativa com abordagem fenomenológica fundada no pensamento e método de Martin Heidegger. Participaram 13 homens que realizaram procedimento cirúrgico mutilador da próstata, testículo ou pênis em um Hospital Universitário da Zona da Mata Mineira. Os depoimentos, acessados durante os meses de junho e agosto de 2016, foram analisados à luz dos conceitos propostos por Heidegger e da Teoria de Orem. Resultados: significaram a necessidade de se cuidar e tomaram para si a responsabilidade de cuidado consigo. Da análise compreensiva emergiu a Unidade de Significação: entender que é necessário ter cuidado durante o tratamento e fazer acompanhamento. Considerações finais: os homens adquirem uma rotina de autocuidado, após serem lançados na facticidade de enfrentar uma cirurgia mutiladora no sistema geniturinário.

Aim: to reveal the man's senses while developing self-care after mutilating surgery in genitourinary system and articulate thoughts with Orem'sTheory. Method: qualitative research, with phenomenological approach, based on the thought and method of Martin Heidegger. Thirteen men that performed surgical mutilating procedure of prostate, testicles or penis at a University Hospital of Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais participated in the study. The statements, accessed during June and August 2016, were analyzed in the light of the concepts proposed by Heidegger and Orem's Theory. Results: they realized the need to care for themselves and assumed the responsibility of self-care. From comprehensive analysis, the Meaning Unit emerged: to understand that care is necessary during treatment, as well as follow-up. Final thoughts: men acquire a selfcare routine, after facing the need for a mutilating surgery in the genitourinary system

Objetivo: revelar los sentidos del hombre al desarrollar el autocuidado, después de la mutilación de la cirugía en el sistema génito-urinario y articular reflexiones con la teoría de Orem. Método: investigación cualitativa con perspectiva fenomenológica fundamentada en el pensamiento y en el método de Martin Heidegger. Participaron 13 hombres que realizaron el procedimiento quirúrgico mutilador en próstata, testículos o pene en un Hospital Universitario de la Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. Las declaraciones, recolectadas entre los meses de junio y agosto de 2016, fueron analizadas por medio de los conceptos propuestos por Heidegger y la teoría de Orem. Resultados: significaron la necesidad de cuidar de sí mismos y asumieron la responsabilidad del autocuidado. Del análisis de la comprensión se evidenció la Unidad de Significación: entender que es necesario tener cuidado durante el tratamiento y hacer acompañamiento. Consideraciones finales: los hombres adquieren una rutina de cuidado de sí mismos, después de la necesidad de una cirugía mutiladora del sistema genitourinario

Anatomic application of the genitofemoral nerve in uroandrological surgery / 中华男科学杂志

The genitofemoral nerve (GFN) has its unique anatomic characteristics of location, run and function in the male urinary system and its relationship with the ureter, deferens and inguinal region is apt to be ignored in clinical anatomic application. Clinical studies show that GFN is closely correlated with postoperative ureteral complications and pain in the inguinal region after spermatic cord or hernia repair. GFN transplantation can be used in the management of erectile dysfunction caused by cavernous nerve injury. Therefore, GFN played an important role in the clinical application of uroandrology. This review summarizes the advances in the studies of GFN in relation to different diseases in uroandrology.

Ultrasound-guided genitourinary interventions: principles and techniques

Ultrasound (US) is often used to guide various interventional procedures in the genitourinary (GU) tract because it can provide real-time imaging without any radiation hazard. Moreover, US can clearly visualize the pathway of an aspiration or biopsy needle to ensure the safety of the intervention. US guidance also helps clinicians to access lesions via the transabdominal, transhepatic, transvaginal, transrectal, and transperineal routes. Hence, US-guided procedures are useful for radiologists who wish to perform GU interventions. However, US-guided procedures and interventions are difficult for beginners because they involve a steep initial learning curve. The purpose of this review is to describe the basic principles and techniques of US-guided GU interventions.

Comparison of caudal dexmedetomidine and fentanyl combined with bupivacaine in pediatric patients undergoing urogenital surgery

Introduction: Caudal epidural block is one of the most popular, reliable, and safe techniques in pediatric patients that can provide analgesia for a variety of supra- and infra-umblical surgical procedures. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of dexmedetomidine-bupivacaine, fentanyl-bupivacaine mixture and bupivacaine alone on duration of postoperative analgesia, sedation, emergence agitation, duration of sensory and motor block, hemodynamic stability and side effects

Methodology: After approval from ethical committee 90 pediatric patients of age 2-7 y were enrolled. The children were randomly allocated to three equal groups of 30 each using a computer generated randomization list. Caudal block was given after induction of general anesthesia for urogenital surgery. General anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane at a concentration adjusted to maintain BIS between 40-60. Hemodynamic parameters, Pediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium [PAED] score, Richmond agitation sedation scale [RASS], and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale [CHEOPS] were recorded immediate postoperatively and then regularly every hour for the next 12 hours

Results: PAED score was less in group BD than group B and BF from baseline. RASS Score was less in Group BD than Group BF from base line to 12 h except at 240 min and Group BF is less than Group B from base line to 12 h. Group BD was less than B from base line to 12 h. CHEOP score was less in Group BD than Group BF and Group B from base line to 12 h

Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine [1 micro g/kg] added to bupivacaine in caudal block increases the duration of postoperative analgesia, provides arousable sedation, and decreases emergence delirium with stable hemodynamics and minimal side effects in pediatric patients

The Overview of Hospice Care as Urologist

The average life expectancy in Korea is increasing with new medical technology and complete understanding of pathophysiology of diseases in human. Physician should provide good and appropriate treatment to patients and also are responsible for offering medical services. Also, needs to improve the quality of life and death for patients with end-of-life have been increased. Urologists are interested in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the urogenital system disease but are not interested in the end of terminal cancer patients. Cancer is the most common cause of mortality rate in Korea. Cancer affects individuals, families, and society. Hospice and palliative care is a kind of portion of medicine to take care patients with far-advanced diseases and short-life expectancy, especially less than 6 months, for whom the focus of care is relief of suffering physical problems, social problems, and mental problems, and improvement of the quality of life. It takes a lot of efforts to finish the end-of life in patient. Physician alone can hardly provide all parts of end-of-life cares and cares can be provided through hospice care team including physician, social worker, volunteer, and priest. Hospice and palliative care still take a care for only a small group for dying patients. There have been few data for hospice and palliative care in urology. This review is to summary the concept of hospice for end-of life care and to help understanding hospice and the laws related to hospice to urologists who take care of patient with urogenital tract cancer.